Communicable Diseases

Communicable diseases, also known as contagious diseases, are those infectious illnesses caused by pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that can be transmitted from one person to another through various means, including through contact with bodily fluids, respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces or objects, or insect bites. Some common examples of communicable diseases include the flu, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, measles, chickenpox, and STIs (sexually transmitted infections). Communicable Disease

Chancroid

Chancroid is a highly contagious disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, a gram-negative bacterium. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and is characterized by painful ulcers or sores on the genital area. Other symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes, itching, and discharge from the sores. Chancroid is treatable with antibiotics, but if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications, such as scarring, infertility, and an increased risk of HIV transmission. Read More

Chickenpox / Shingles

COVID-19

As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, COVID-19, also known as the coronavirus disease 2019, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The pandemic began in late 2019 and had a significant impact on global health, economies, and daily life.

Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of taste or smell, muscle or body aches, and sore throat. In severe cases, the virus can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ failure, and death, particularly in older adults and those with underlying health conditions.

To mitigate the spread of the virus, various measures were recommended, including wearing masks, practicing physical distancing, frequent handwashing, and avoiding large gatherings. Many countries implemented lockdowns or movement restrictions to contain the virus.

Efforts were made to develop and distribute vaccines to provide immunity against COVID-19. By my last update, several vaccines had been granted emergency use authorization or full approval in various countries, including Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca, and Sinovac, among others. Vaccination campaigns were underway to achieve widespread immunity and control the spread of the virus.

Please note that the situation may have evolved since my last update, and I recommend checking with current and reputable sources such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the latest information on COVID-19. Read More

Ebola

Ectoparasitic Infections

Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE)

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is primarily spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms of hepatitis A include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and dark urine. In some cases, individuals may not have any symptoms at all. Communicable Disease

Hepatitis A can be prevented through vaccination, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding contaminated food and water. Treatment for hepatitis A typically includes rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications to ease symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Communicable Disease

It is important to note that hepatitis A is different from other types of hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C) and they require different treatments. If you suspect you may have been exposed to hepatitis A, it is important to see a healthcare provider for testing and treatment. Read More about Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is primarily spread through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Symptoms of hepatitis B can include fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), and dark urine. In some cases, the infection can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver cancer. Communicable Disease

There are several ways to reduce the risk of contracting hepatitis B, including:

• Getting the hepatitis B vaccine
• Practicing safe sex Communicable Disease
• Avoiding sharing needles or other equipment used for injecting drugs
• Using appropriate protective equipment (gloves, goggles, etc.) when handling potentially infected blood or bodily fluids
• Avoiding contact with blood or bodily fluids of an infected person

Treatment options for hepatitis B include antiviral medications that can help to slow the replication of the virus and reduce the risk of complications. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary for individuals with severe liver damage.

It is important to note that once an individual is infected with hepatitis B, they will carry the virus for life, however, most people will not experience symptoms and will not develop serious complications. Read More about Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation and can lead to serious liver damage, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer. The hepatitis C virus is spread through contact with the blood of an infected person. Symptoms of hepatitis C may not appear until the infection has caused significant liver damage. Treatment for hepatitis C typically involves taking a course of antiviral medications, which can cure the infection in the majority of cases. Read More about Hepatitis C

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D, also known as delta hepatitis, is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is a small, circular RNA virus that is classified as a “defective virus” because it can only infect individuals who are already infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Communicable Disease

Symptoms of hepatitis D can include:

• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite Communicable Disease
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine

Hepatitis D is primarily spread through contact with infected blood, such as through sharing needles or other equipment used to inject drugs, or through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis D, but antiviral medications can be used to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. A vaccine is available to protect against hepatitis B, which can also protect against hepatitis D. Read More

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is primarily spread through contaminated water or food. Symptoms of hepatitis E can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. In some cases, the infection may cause severe liver damage and even death, particularly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. There is currently no specific treatment for hepatitis E, but most people will recover fully without any lasting damage to the liver. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding contaminated water and food, and getting vaccinated if you are at a high risk of infection. Read More

Herpes Zoster/ Shingles

Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate later in life, causing shingles. Symptoms of shingles include a painful rash, blisters, and tingling or burning sensation on one side of the body. It can also cause fever, headaches, and fatigue. The risk of developing shingles increases with age and is more common in people with weakened immune systems. Shingles can be treated with antiviral medication, pain relievers, and moisturizing creams to reduce discomfort and help prevent complications. Read More

Herpes Zoster Oticus / Ramsay Hunt Syndrom

Ramsay Hunt Syndrom itself is not a contagious disease but can cause Chickenpox, which is contagious in nature. Ramsay Hunt Syndrom also known as Herpes Zoster Oticus, is caused by the same virus (Vericella Zoster) that caused Chickenpox and Shingles. Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) is a complication of shingles, in which the infection causes a rash and blisters on one side of the face, usually around the ear. In addition to the rash, RHS can also cause facial weakness or paralysis, hearing loss, and intense pain in the affected ear. The condition is named after James Ramsay Hunt, the physician who first described it in 1907. Read more

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Symptoms can include small blisters or sores on or around the genitals or rectum, as well as flu-like symptoms such as fever and swollen lymph nodes. The virus can be spread through skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and it can also be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirth. There is no cure for genital herpes, but antiviral medications can help to reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks. It is important to practice safe sex and to inform sexual partners if you have been diagnosed with genital herpes. Read More

HIV / AIDS

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system and weakens the body’s ability to fight off infections and diseases. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the final stage of HIV infection when the immune system is so weakened that it can no longer fight off serious infections and illnesses. HIV is primarily spread through sexual contact, sharing needles or other equipment used to inject drugs, or from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. There is currently no cure for HIV, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can slow the progression of the virus and help individuals with HIV live a normal life. It is important to practice safe sex and get tested for HIV regularly to prevent the spread of the virus. Read More

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that can infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Some types of HPV can cause warts (such as genital warts or plantar warts) while others can lead to the development of cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection and many people who have the virus may not show any symptoms. The best way to prevent HPV is through vaccination and practising safe sex. Read More

Impetigo:

Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection that typically affects children. It causes sores or blisters on the face, arms, and legs, and is often accompanied by symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. The infection is usually caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria and is transmitted through direct contact with the sores or through contact with items such as towels or clothing that have come into contact with the sores. It is treated with antibiotics, and it is important to keep the infected area clean and covered to prevent the spread of the infection to others. Read More about Impetigo

Influenza

Mpox

Mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen)

Mycoplasma genitalium is a type of bacteria that can infect the urethra, cervix, or anus and cause symptoms such as discharge, pain, or bleeding. It is usually transmitted through sexual contact and can be treated with antibiotics. However, some strains of the bacteria have developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics, making treatment more difficult. Regular testing and practicing safe sex can help prevent the spread of this infection. Read More

Mumps

Ectoparasitic Infections

Ectoparasitic infections are infections caused by parasites that live on the outside of the body, such as lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. These parasites feed on the blood of their hosts and can cause itching, skin irritation, and sometimes serious health problems. Ectoparasitic infections are most commonly found in animals but can also affect humans. To prevent ectoparasitic infections, it is important to practice good hygiene, use insect repellent, and keep pets and other animals treated for fleas and ticks. Read More about Ectoparasitic Infection (STI)

Pink Eye

Pertussis

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It is typically caused by bacteria that spread from the cervix and vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Symptoms can include pelvic pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, and irregular menstrual bleeding. PID can lead to serious complications if left untreated, such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic pregnancy. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection and may also include surgery in certain cases. Risk factors for PID include having multiple sexual partners, a history of STIs, and not using condoms. It is important to practice safe sex and to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have PID. Read More

Rabies

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals, including humans. It is primarily spread through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, such as a dog, fox, bat, or raccoon. The virus travels from the site of the bite through the nerves and into the spinal cord and brain, where it causes inflammation and damage. Communicable Disease

Symptoms of rabies can include fever, headache, muscle weakness, and seizures. As the disease progresses, the affected individual may experience hallucinations, hydrophobia (fear of water), and aerophobia (fear of fresh air). If left untreated, rabies is almost always fatal. Communicable Disease

Prevention of rabies includes avoiding contact with wild animals, vaccinating pets, and seeking prompt medical attention if bitten or scratched by a potentially infected animal. Effective treatments are available for individuals who have been exposed to the virus, including the administration of rabies immune globulin and the rabies vaccine. Read More

Ramsay Hunt syndrome

Ramsay Hunt Syndrom also known as Herpes Zoster Oticus, is caused by the same virus (Varicella Zoster) that caused Chickenpox and Shingles. Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) is a complication of shingles, in which the infection causes a rash and blisters on one side of the face, usually around the ear. In addition to the rash, RHS can also cause facial weakness or paralysis, hearing loss, and intense pain in the affected ear. The condition is named after James Ramsay Hunt, the physician who first described it in 1907.

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (RHS) is a neurological disorder that is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. The virus can remain dormant in the body after a person has had chickenpox and can reactivate later in life, causing RHS. Communicable Disease

Symptoms of RHS include sudden onset of facial weakness or paralysis, hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and pain and blisters on the ear or face. The syndrome can also cause other neurological symptoms such as headaches, vertigo, and difficulty with speech and swallowing. Communicable Disease

RHS is treated with antiviral medication and, in some cases, steroids to reduce inflammation and pain. Physical therapy may also be recommended to help improve facial muscle function. Most people recover fully from RHS, but in rare cases, some may experience permanent facial weakness or hearing loss. Read More

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex, as well as through sharing needles or through transmission from a mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Symptoms of syphilis can include sores on the skin or mucous membranes, skin rash, fever, and muscle aches, among others. If left untreated, syphilis can cause serious health problems, including brain damage, blindness, and even death. Treatment for syphilis usually involves antibiotics, but the length of treatment and the type of antibiotics used can vary based on the stage of the infection. Read More

Tick-Borne Disease

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. It affects both men and women and can cause itching, burning, discharge, and discomfort in the genital area. The infection can be spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Trichomoniasis can be treated with antibiotics, but it is important to inform all recent sexual partners so they can also be treated and prevent re-infection. Practicing safe sex, such as using condoms, is the best way to reduce the risk of getting or spreading trichomoniasis. Read More

Tuberculosis

Viral Hepatitis

West Nile Virus

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